Introduction of Computer Class 2

Input and Input Devices

Everything that we give to the computer system through input devices is called input.“An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data or instruction into a computer.”

Output and Output Devices

Everything that computer displays after processing is called output, which can be inhard / soft form.

Computer hardware components that are used to receive processed information from computer are called output devices.

Memory and Processing

The Microprocessor is the key processing unit also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out all the basic instructions that operate the computer.

Processor contains a Control Unit (CU) and an Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). These two components work together to perform processing of operations. 

For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations that makes the machine cycle. (Figure 1.3)

• Fetch: get data from Main Memory.
• Decode: Convert Data to Machine Understandable Language.
• Execute: Perform calculation on data,
• Store: Store the results in main memory.

Primary memory, presently known as main memory or simply RAM (Random Access Memory), is the only one directly accessible to the CPU.

RAM varies in size like 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB to 2 GB.  RAM cannot store data and instruction permanently. When we switch off the computer, all data and instructions from RAM are washed or vanished. Therefore it is called volatile memory.

ROM stands for Read only Memory. It consists of those instructions that prepare the computer for use. These instructions can only be read but cannot be changed or deleted. When we switch off the computer, the instructions stored in the ROM are not lost. Therefore it is called a non-volatile memory.

Digital Data Storage:

Storage is the area where data can be kept(left) on a permanent basis, when it is not immediately needed for processing.

A digital data storage system has two main components:

Storage Medium: A storage medium (media is the plural) is the disk, tape, CD, DVD, paper, or other substance that contains data.

Storage Devices: A storage device is the mechanical apparatus that records and retrieves data from a storage medium, like hard disk drives, CD drives, DVD drives, Blu-ray drives, and flash drives.  Storage devices also known as Secondary (Auxiliary) Storage Devices (SSD,ASD)

Storage media hold data, even when the computer is turned off., So that all secondary storage devices are non-volatile.

Storage Capacity

Motherboard      

The mother board sometime called a system board is the main circuit board of the system unit. It is used to connect all kinds of hardware devices. (Figure No. 1.4)

Ports:A 'port' serves as an interface between the computer and other components or peripheral devices. Physically, a port is a specialized outlet on a piece of equipment to which a plug or cable connects.(Figure No. 1.5)

Computer Software

Software, also called Programs. Software is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do it.  Basically there are two types of the Software.

(i)                 System Software:

a.       Operating System

b.      Drivers & Utility Software

c.       Embedded Software

(ii)               Application Software:

a.       Word Processors (notepad, WordPad, Ms Word)

b.      Entertainment Software (VLC , Windows Media Player)

c.       Spreadsheet software (Lotus123, Excel)

d.      Database Software (Ms Access, SQL Server)

e.       Presentational Software (PowerPoint, Flash)

f.       Graphics (Ms paint, Corel, Photoshop)

Keyboard

A standard key board has almost 101/102 keys. There are two types of layouts of keyboard available, QWERTY, & non QWERTY

Most keyboards use the QWERTY layout, named for the first six keys in the top row of letters. 

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Written by Faisal Gujjar

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